Mamie Phipps Clark’s Early Life
Mamie Phipps Clark was born in Hot Springs, Arkansas. Her father, Harold, was a doctor, and her mother, Katie, was active in helping her husband with his practice. Encouraged by her parents to pursue her education, she began college as a physics and math major. She met her husband, Kenneth Clark, at Howard, and he soon convinced her to switch majors to psychology. She graduated magna cum laude in 1938 and then spent some time working in a law office where she was able to witness first-hand the damaging effects of segregation, a rule of law that kept Blacks and whites separate. She soon started graduate school and had two children while pursuing her studies. Her master’s thesis work was centered on the formation of racial identity and self-esteem. Her work helped pave the way for further research on self-concept among minorities. In 1943, she earned her Ph.D. from Columbia University. Not only was she the only Black woman in the entire program, but she also became the second African-American to earn a doctorate from Columbia, the first being her husband.
Establishing Her Career
After graduating, Clark found that finding good job opportunities was difficult. “Although my husband had earlier secured a teaching position at the City College of New York, following my graduation it soon became apparent to me that a Black female with a Ph.D. in psychology was an unwanted anomaly in New York City in the early 1940s,” she later explained. After working briefly analyzing data for the American Public Health Association, she moved on to a position as a research psychologist for the United States Armed Forces Institute. While working as a testing psychologist at an organization for homeless Black girls, Clark noted how limited mental health services were for minority children.
The Clark Doll Test
In a classic experiment, the Clarks showed Black children two dolls that were identical in every way except that one doll was white and one was Black. The children were then asked a series of questions including which doll they preferred to play with, which doll was a “nice” doll, which one was a “bad doll,” and which one looked most like the child. The researchers discovered that not only would 59% the children identify the Black doll as the “bad” one, nearly 33% selected the white doll as the one they most resembled.
Contributions to Psychology
Mamie Phipps Clark played an important role in the civil rights movement, as her work with her husband demonstrated that the concept of “separate but equal” provided a far from equal education for Black youth. Her investigations into self-concept among minorities inspired further research on the subject and opened up new areas of research within the field of developmental psychology. Unfortunately, her important contributions have often been overlooked in the past, with psychology history courses and textbooks mentioning her only in passing. In his book History of Psychology, author David Hothersall notes that minorities, including Black and female psychologists, have long been neglected in psychology histories. Her publications include:
Clark, M. (1944). Changes in primary mental abilities with age. Archives of Psychology, 291. New York: Columbia University.Clark, M.P. & Karp, J. (1960). A report on a summer remedial program. Elementary School Journal, 61, 137-142.Clark, M.P. (1970). Changing concepts in mental health, a thirty-year review. Conference Proceedings, Thirtieth Anniversary Conference, May 7. New York: Northside Center for Child Development.Clark, K.B., & Clark, M.P. (1939). The development of consciousness of self and the emergence of racial identification in Negro preschool children. Journal of Social Psychology, 10(4), 591-599.Clark, K.B., & Clark, M.P. (1939). Segregation as a factor in the racial identification of Negro pre-school children: A preliminary report. Journal of Experimental Education, 8(2), 161-165.
