Evidence suggests that children who are two years old and under can learn from TV and movies but only in extremely limited circumstances, making screens of minimal benefit. This article will review what current research says about children’s ability to learn from TV and movies when they are two years old and under and when they are older than two, followed by recommendations for parents and caregivers that will enable them to ensure their children’s interactions with screens are as beneficial as possible.
Can Kids Aged Two and Under Learn From TV and Movies?
The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends that children under 18 months shouldn’t use screen media outside of video chatting, and children between the ages of 18 and 24 months should only be exposed to high-quality programs that parents or caregivers watch with them. Nonetheless, as of 2020, children under two spent an average of 49 minutes a day with screen media, with 18 of those minutes spent with traditional TV, 17 minutes spent with online videos and streaming services, and 10 minutes spent with DVDs. In other words, despite recommendations, very young children are regularly exposed to screens. Yet, although much of the media directed at children under two claims it will advance their learning and cognitive development, research has shown that, in general, children’s learning from screens during this time is extremely limited and only takes place under specific circumstances.
Children May Imitate Actions They See On TV
Studies demonstrate that starting at around 6 months old, infants are capable of imitating simple actions they watch on TV for up to 24 hours afterward. By the time they’re two, they can remember brief TV sequences for up to a month later. Still, research has consistently shown that very young children don’t learn from screen media as easily as they do from real-life interactions. This phenomenon, called the “video deficit,” persists until children are around 2 ½ or 3 years of age. Researchers have speculated that it may be due to very young children’s inability to understand the relationship between the information conveyed on a television screen and the real world. For example, a study by psychologist Georgene Troseth found that immediately after viewing an assistant hiding a toy in a room on a live television monitor, a group of 2-year-olds failed to find the hidden toy in the room a majority of the time. However, in another study, Troseth and her colleague found that when they made the screen look like a window, the children’s ability to successfully find the toy increased.
Children May Absorb Some Information From Television
Yet evidence suggests that when caregivers direct their baby’s attention to a screen showing simple and developmentally-appropriate content, they are capable of learning. A longitudinal study that assessed children’s exposure to screen media at six, 12, 18, and 24 months found that delaying screen exposure until later in a baby’s life, less overall screen time, and greater verbal interaction with caregivers during screen time were associated with better cognitive development by age two. Taken together, these findings indicate children’s ability to learn from screen media is fairly limited before the age of two, and children will benefit significantly more from real-life interactions with caregivers than interactions with screen media.
What Do Kids Learn From Movies and TV?
The AAP recommends that children between two and five are limited to 1 hour of high-quality screen time per day, and that after age five, parents and caregivers limit screen use to ensure it doesn’t interfere with children’s sleep, physical activity, homework, or any other activities that promote health and development. However, in 2020, those between the ages of two and four spent an average of 2 hours and 30 minutes with screens per day and children between the ages of five and eight spent an average of 3 hours and 5 minutes a day. For example, in one study, preschool children who were exposed to the educational TV show Super Why! learned more early literacy skills, including letter knowledge, than the preschoolers who didn’t watch the program.
Media That Mimics Real Life Help Children Learn Better
Scholars have suggested that it’s the ability to interact with television socially that enables children to learn from it in the preschool and middle childhood years. As a result, children’s programs where characters mimic real-life social interactions by looking at the camera, asking direct questions, and pausing for responses create pseudo-social contexts that guide children, encourage their participation, and enhance their learning. For instance, in one study, 3 to 5 year old children who regularly viewed the program Blue’s Clues talked to a character that the show encouraged them to help in order to assist the character in solving problems. Children reported that they believed they could help the character between a lot and a little, indicating their involvement in solving the problems presented on the show. Similarly, in another study when preschool-age children interacted with the television show Dora the Explorer by responding physically and verbally to prompts by the characters, the children comprehended the program content better than those who did not respond. This suggests the approximation of social interaction between the children and the television characters enhanced the children’s learning. Consequently, the research suggests that once children acquire the cognitive skills necessary to understand and pay attention to screen media, educational TV and movies that are appropriate to a child’s stage of development can provide opportunities for learning, especially if the programs approximate real-life social contexts.
Recommendations for Parents and Caregivers
The reality is that it may not always be possible for families to strictly adhere to the AAP’s screen time recommendations, but Common Sense Media suggests that this is unlikely to negatively impact children as long as:
Children consume quality, age-appropriate contentThey behave positively after watchingScreen time doesn’t take away from sleep, time with friends and family, homework, or exercise
Create a Family Media Plan
AAP suggests families create a Family Media Plan to ensure media is used thoughtfully and in ways that can benefit the lives of both children and their parents. If there is concern about the amount of time children are spending with screens, it’s important to limit how long kids can spend interacting with screens and to limit the kinds of content they are consuming. In addition, parents and caregivers should model healthy media use and, for babies and preschoolers, co-view TV shows and videos with kids and discuss the content after viewing to enhance their children’s learning.
