Despite having decreased and less intense symptoms, adults with this disorder still require treatment to manage the disruptions lived with on a daily basis. Depression, anxiety, daytime sleepiness, poor academic performance, and social functioningare just some of the negative ways this condition affects well-being. To improve symptoms, drugs are first-line treatments prescribed by healthcare providers to care for this disorder. Read on to learn about different ADHD medications for adults, and how they improve symptoms.
Symptoms of ADHD in Adults
Experiencing trouble with attention, getting easily distracted, and showing impulsive traits are the broad symptom categories of ADHD. This condition may be suspected when a person routinely displays the following behaviors:
Challenges with getting started on dutiesPoor attention to detailNoticeable difficulties with organization and prioritizing tasksDifficulty sustaining focus on tasks that require extended concentrationProne to impulsive behaviorOther psychiatric disorders in some patientsSubstance abuse in patients
People with ADHD may also speak excessively, forget routine obligations, and will often interrupt others during conversations. More symptoms include fidgeting, being prone to losing things, or even struggling to engage quietly in leisurely activities. This condition can affect personal and professional affairs. It may also create a wedge in relationships.
Medications for ADHD
When managing ADHD in adults, drugs are prescribed to enhance attention, boost academic achievements, and improve memory. Medication may also improve mental activity, decrease attention, and limit aggressive behavior. Two forms of medication are used to manage ADHD: stimulants and non-stimulants.
Stimulant Medication
Stimulant medications have been used for decades to manage ADHD. They include:
Amphetamine derivatives such as Adderall, Vyvanse, and Mydayis Methylphenidates like Ritalin, Focalin, and Concerta
Approximately two percent of Americans between the ages of 20 and 44 used stimulants for ADHD in 2010. These drugs work by increasing neurotransmitter levels in the brain—particularly dopamine. Dopamine is associated with motivation, pleasure, attention, and movement. Around 70% of adults with this condition report improvement in symptoms after starting these drugs. These stimulants improve focus in people with ADHD. They are also beneficial for impulsive and hyperactive behaviors. Stimulants are broadly classified into short and long-lasting medications:
Short-lasting stimulants: These medications are usually taken two to three times a day. Short-acting stimulants have immediate-release formulations—they require around 30-45 minutes after use to impact behavior.These drugs will usually peak within one to two hours and will disappear from the body after five hours. For a full day’s management of ADHD, two to three short-acting stimulants may be required. Long-lasting stimulants: These drugs are developed to go into effect gradually and to wear off over time following use. Around 49% of adults have prescriptions for long-acting stimulants. These medications are ideal for people that have a hard time remembering to use short-acting drugs at different points of the day. There is also a reduced potential for abuse.
Intermediate treatments also exist. They include medications like Metadate CD and Metadate ER.
Non-Stimulant Medication
Non-stimulant medication is suitable for the 30% of patients that do not respond properly to stimulant medication. Non-stimulants are considered less effective than stimulating counterparts so they are usually a second or third-line treatment for managing ADHD symptoms. Non-stimulant treatments include tricyclic antidepressants, non-tricyclic antidepressants, specific norepinephrine re-uptake inhibitors, alpha-2 noradrenergic agonists, non-schedule stimulants, and others. Strattera (atomoxetine) is a non-stimulant medication approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This drug influences norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter important for energy and attentiveness. By acting as a norepinephrine inhibitor, atomoxetine helps to increase the levels of this chemical messenger in the body. Qelbree (viloxazine) was also recently approved to treat ADHD in adults. It is also a non-stimulant selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (NRI).
Side Effects of ADD Medication
Like other drug treatments, ADHD medication may produce adverse effects when administered. These side-effects are listed below.
Side Effects of Stimulants
Reduced appetite Nausea Stomach cramps Weight loss Sleep difficulty Increased blood pressure Tic development Irritability Severe depression
In addition to side effects, special care is required when looking to begin stimulant medication. In particular, people with the following conditions should steer clear of this treatment:
Patients with stimulant medication sensitivity People living with glaucoma to avoid increased blood pressure in the eyes People that experience severe anxiety Anyone who is currently on monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) Patients with family members that live with Tourette’s syndrome People with high blood pressure Patients who have an alcohol or drug dependency
Side Effects of Non-Stimulants
When using non-stimulants like atomoxetine, caution is required to manage possible side effects. These adverse reactions include:
HeadachesAbdominal painPoor appetiteNauseaVomitingDrowsiness
Side-effects associated with these drugs are typically mild or moderate.
A Word From Verywell
ADHD is a condition that can have a strong effect on the quality of daily life. Finding the right treatment methods to manage this condition is very important for personal, professional, and social welfare. When looking to get ADHD under control, a healthcare provider should be consulted to prescribe suitable medication, plus other accompanying treatment methods.
